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Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (/ˈniːtʃə/^[4]German: [ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈvɪlhɛlm ˈniːtʃə]; 15 October 1844 – 25 August 1900) was a Germanphilosopher, cultural critic, poet, philologist, and Latin and Greek scholar whose work has exerted a profound influence on Western philosophy and modern intellectual history.^[5][6][7][8] He began his career as aclassical philologist before turning to philosophy. He became the youngest ever to hold the Chair of Classical Philology at theUniversity of Basel in 1869, at the age of 24. Nietzsche resigned in 1879 due to health problems that plagued him most of his life, and he completed much of his core writing in the following decade.^[9] In 1889, at age 44, he suffered a collapse and a complete loss of his mental faculties  He lived his remaining years in the care of his mother (until her death in 1897), and then with his sister Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche, and died in 1900.

Nietzsche's body of work touched widely onart, philology, history, religion, tragedy, culture, and science, and drew early inspiration from figures such as Schopenhauer, Wagner, andGoethe. His writing spans philosophicalpolemics, poetry, cultural criticism, and fiction while displaying a fondness for aphorism andirony.^[12] Some prominent elements of his philosophy include his radical critique of truthin favor of perspectivism; his genealogicalcritique of religion and Christian morality, and his related theory of master–slave morality;^[5][13] his aesthetic affirmation of existence in response to the "death of God" and the profound crisis of nihilism;^[5] his notion of the Apollonian and Dionysian; and his characterization of the human subject as the expression of competing wills, collectively understood as the will to power.^[14] In his later work, he developed influential concepts such as the Übermensch and the doctrine of eternal return, and became increasingly preoccupied with the creative powers of the individual to overcome social, cultural, and moral contexts in pursuit of new values and aesthetic health

After his death, Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche became the curator and editor of her brother's manuscripts, reworking Nietzsche's unpublished writings to fit her own German nationalistideology while often contradicting or obfuscating his stated opinions, which were explicitlyopposed to antisemitism and nationalism. Through her published editions, Nietzsche's work became associated with fascism and Nazism;^[15] 20th-century scholars contested this interpretation of his work and corrected editions of his writings were soon made available. His thought enjoyed renewed popularity in the 1960s, and his ideas have since had a profound impact on 20th and early-21st century thinkers across philosophy—especially in schools ofcontinental philosophy such as existentialism, postmodernism, and post-structuralism—as well as art, literature, psychology, politics, and popular culture